Physical properties refer to the characteristics of a substance that can be observed or measured without changing the chemical composition of the substance. These properties include attributes such as color, density, melting point, boiling point, solubility, conductivity, and hardness. Understanding physical properties is essential in various scientific fields such as chemistry, physics, and materials science, as they help scientists identify and classify different substances, predict their behavior under specific conditions, and design new materials with desired properties. Research in physical properties often involves experimental techniques to measure and analyze these attributes, as well as theoretical modeling to understand the underlying principles governing their manifestation.